This study emphasizes the concept of disease, the prevalence of cancer, and the importance of early diagnosis. According to the Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK), circulatory system diseases were the leading cause of death in 2022–2023, followed by tumors. Cancer is a significant disease characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells and their acquisition of the ability to metastasize, affecting the individual’s biopsychosocial integrity. Imaging methods such as X-ray, CT, MRI, and mammography play a critical role in early diagnosis. In the analysis of medical images, artificial intelligence–based Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) provide high accuracy in detecting, classifying, and recognizing complex anatomical structures and lesions. CNN architecture consists of convolution, activation, pooling, and fully connected layers. Studies in the literature demonstrate that CNNs achieve diagnostic performance comparable to, or even exceeding, that of expert clinicians in diseases such as skin cancer, tuberculosis, breast cancer, and COVID-19.