In today's world, where the boundaries of science and technology are constantly expanding, materials science stands out as a field at the heart of this progress and forms the basis for all other disciplines. This book aims to present the latest and most innovative approaches in materials science, combining them with their transformative applications in various engineering and scientific fields. In addition to traditional material design approaches, it addresses pioneering topics such as nanotechnology applications, smart and adaptive materials, sustainable and recyclable materials, composite materials, advanced manufacturing techniques, and computational materials science. Each chapter examines both fundamental scientific principles and industrial-scale applications from an integrated perspective, offering the reader both theoretical depth and practical insight. The authors of this book are researchers known for their expertise and innovative work in their fields. They present current developments in their areas of specialization, examples from both around the world and in our country, and future perspectives in a candid style. Without their valuable contributions and hard work, this work would not have been possible. We offer them our deepest gratitude.