Chapter Highlights

The following points outline the core theoretical perspectives and pedagogical applications that frame this chapter’s approach to STEM education.

• Delineates key theoretical foundations—constructivism, cognitive load theory, and sociocultural theory—that inform the design and implementation of effective STEM pedagogy.
• Examines practical pedagogical models, including experiential learning, inquiry-based learning, and problem-based learning, which translate these theories into learner-centred instructional practices.
• Bridges theoretical perspectives with practical classroom implementation through an illustrative lesson plan focused on mathematical modelling in middle school mathematics.
• Explores the role of theoretical constructs and epistemological perspectives in fostering essential 21st-century competencies, such as critical thinking, collaboration, creativity, and innovation.